Kilopass is an important case, given the pending case on 285 before the Supreme Court, and in my view is a big step toward a proper interpretation of Section 285. However, what drives me nuts is that the majority opinion, by Judge O'Malley who I respect enormously, talks about "chaning the standard" for imposing fees. The Court can't do that: Only Congress can. The question should be: what standard did Congress set in 1952? For the reasons that follow, I believe Chief Judge Rader's concurrence is ultimately correct. (Disclaimer: I clerked for Chief until a few months ago.)
Down in the comments I explain there is no constitutional right implicated by fee shifting, so the PRE standard is irrelevant, and the statute means what it says. Here is a clip from a California case, quoted in a comment below:
Hundreds of California statutes provide for an award of attorney fees to the prevailing party. (See Pearl, Cal. Attorney Fee Awards (Cont.Ed.Bar 2d ed. 2001) § 2.1, p. 12; see also id., ch. 17 [charting many such statutes].) Fee shifting simply requires the party that creates the costs to bear them. (Premier Elec. Const. Co. v. N.E.C.A., Inc. (7th Cir. 1987) 814 F.2d 358, 373.) It does not make a party “liable” for filing a lawsuit. This distinguishes Professional Real Estate Investors, supra, 508 U.S. 49, Equilon’s central authority, which concerns not fee shifting but the scope of antitrust liability for engaging in litigation. There, when movie studios challenging the rental of videodiscs to hotel guests brought a copyright infringement action against certain hotel operators, the operators filed counterclaims alleging the studios’ action was intended illegally to restrain trade. The high court held that one who initiates litigation is immune from antitrust liability for doing so unless the litigation is a “sham.” (Id. at pp. 60-61.) The case did not involve a fee-shifting provision nor did the court anywhere suggest that its “sham” litigation rationale might apply in the fee-shifting context. Equilon cites no case in which a fee-shifting provision has been held unconstitutional under Professional Real Estate Investors or its rationale. (See generally Alyeska Pipeline Co. v. Wilderness Society (1975) 421 U.S. 240, 262, 44 L. Ed. 2d 141, 95 S. Ct. 1612 [finding it "apparent that the circumstances under which attorneys' fees are to be awarded and the range of discretion of the courts in making those awards are matters for Congress to determine"].)