Judge our 14th Annual Patent Moot Court Competition

Patent

Calling IP Attorneys — Come Judge our 14th Annual Patent Moot Court Competition taking place via Zoom on April 14th and 16th, 2025. This is a memorable capstone experience for the students but it requires your expertise.

This year’s group is larger than usual and that means I need more judges. No Presidential Appointment is necessary, but you do need a JD, IP law experience, and most importantly passion for supporting the next generation of attorneys. Connect with talented law students and other judges passionate about patent and IP law; Engage with complex, current issues in patent law; etc.

I have modeled the competition after a recent pair of PTAB final written decisions in Meta v. VL (VideoLabs), both of which include a dissenting opinion by Judge McKone.  The appeals are currently pending before the Federal Circuit with both sides expected to file cross appeals.

I’ll provide a comprehensive judge’s brief and preparation meeting so that you don’t have to.

Multiple time slots available (evenings on April 14th and 16th)

Interested? Sign up here: https://lnkd.in/gZPG8Us9

Please share with colleagues who might be interested in contributing to legal education.

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Here are the IPR Decisions that serve as the basis of the moot court.

Challenging the Server Test for Image Embedding

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

McGucken v. Valnet, Inc., No. 24-1040 (Supreme Court 2025)

Photographer Elliot McGucken has petitioned the Supreme Court to review a Ninth Circuit decision involving what has become known as the “Server Test” in copyright — law has permitted websites to avoid copyright infringement by embedding images hosted on third-party servers rather than storing and hosting them directly.  Another name for this may be the “Embedding Liability Shield.” Embedded images and video can appear seamlessly on a website even though the media is not served by the site’s servers.

In McGucken v. Valnet, Inc., the basic setup is that Valnet embedded on its thetravel.com site a number of links to McGucken’s Instagram posts.  To be clear, the Instagram posts are authorized by the photographer, but he argues that others should not be permitted to embed his Instagram posts into their sites. The Ninth Circuit sided with Valnet, but McGucken has now petitioned the Supreme Court for review.

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The Return of Robust Discretionary Denials

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

Last week, Acting USPTO Director Coke Morgan Stewart granted Director Review and vacated the PTAB’s decision instituting several inter partes reviews (IPRs) in Motorola Solutions, Inc. v. Stellar, LLC. [IPR2024-01205, -01206, -01207, -01208 Director Review Decision] Stewart’s March 28 decision applies the Fintiv factors more aggressively than the Board, signaling a shift toward increased discretionary denials under 35 U.S.C. § 314(a). This is a situation where denial seems appropriate in my opinion. The Stellar’s infringement lawsuit was filed in August 2024, with Motorola waiting 11 months to file IPR petitions.  District Court Judge Sam Jordan (E.D.Tx) has has already issued Markman orders and parties have filed their summary judgment. A jury trial is set for July 2025. (more…)

Convoyed Sales: Federal Circuit Washes Away $2.6M in Patent Damages

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

The Federal Circuit’s March 2025 decision in Wash World v. Belanger, attempts to clarify an important distinction between apportionment and convoyed sales in patent damages jurisprudence, dissolving nearly $2.6 million from a jury’s $9.8 million lost profits award. Wash World Inc. v. Belanger Inc., No. 2023-1841, slip op. at 26 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 24, 2025). A jury found that Wash World’s “Razor EDGE” car wash system infringed Belanger’s U.S. Patent No. 8,602,041, which claimed a vehicle spray washer with lighted spray arms.  Adding lights is a simple transformation, but apparently the particular arrangement of flashing lights running down the length of each during vehicle entry to create a “goalpost effect” that guides drivers to position their vehicles.

The infringed claim covers a “a spray-type car wash system” that expressly recites a carriage and spray arms with their lighting system. Although other components such as dryers are traditionally part of the wash system and sold together, the claims themselves do not recite anything about the dryers or additional components.

In denying JMOL, the district court analyzed the damage award under the apportionment standards of Panduit Corp. v. Stahlin Bros. Fibre Works, Inc., 575 F.2d 1152 (6th Cir. 1978).  The judge concluded that the patentee Belanger sufficiently accounted for apportionment of lost profits between patented and unpatented features by satisfying the Panduit factors. I.e., the jury had enough evidence to reach its decision.   On appeal though, the Federal Circuit shifted focus — holding that the non-patented features required a convoy analysis under Rite-Hite Corp. v. Kelley Co., 56 F.3d 1538 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Ultimately, the court issued a remittitur — ordering the district court to shrink the ultimate award. (more…)

En Banc: Lesko v. US and the Future of Agency Deference Post-Loper Bright

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

The Federal Circuit has ordered sua sponte en banc review in Lesko v. United States, No. 2023-1823. The case presents important questions about statutory interpretation in the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369 (2024), and could significantly impact the ability of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to determine the scope of its own power.  Although this is not a Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) case, DOGE has utilized OPM as a central conduit of its RTO and RIF initiatives.

This is a very interesting situation because there are almost 70 years of cases interpreting a specific statutory provision about overtime being “officially ordered or approved” and thus subject to overtime pay.  Courts initially gave their fairly broad interpretation of the statute, but OPM later implemented narrow regulations that cut-off substantial overtime pay. In subsequent cases, the Federal Circuit continued to assert that its broad interpretation was correct, but that the statute was ambiguous enough to allow for Chevron deference to the agency.  Now that Chevron is gone, and the court has agreed to take the case en banc, it seems to be a likely easy win for  the appellant seeking overtime pay in a class action setting. (more…)

PatCon 13, April 10-12

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PatCon 13 at University of San Diego, April 10-12

The Patent Conference (“PatCon”) is the largest annual conference for patent scholars globally. PatCon 13 will be a three-day event held from Thursday, April 10, to Saturday, April 12, at the University of San Diego School of Law, in conjunction with its annual conference. PatCon will feature over 40 prominent law professors, economists, and attorneys. Qualcomm’s General Counsel, Ann Chaplin, will deliver the keynote on Thursday, and Professor Bronwyn Hall, UC Berkeley, will receive the Extraordinary Achievement Award, plus present a plenary lecture, on Friday. The event is free to all academics, students, government attorneys, and in-house counsel. More information can be found here. 

Diamond Art Club Challenges USPTO’s Mass Termination of Chinese-Origin Applications in Federal Court

Patent

by Dennis crouch

In October 2024, the USPTO terminated proceedings in approximately 3,100 patent applications due to the fraudulent use of a U.S. practitioner’s signature. The bulk of the applications are Chinese origin filed through Dr. Yu “Mark” Wang, who operated a patent services firm called Wayne and King LLC (W&K). According to USPTO findings, Wang, who was not a registered patent practitioner, used the electronic signature of registered patent agent without her knowledge or consent. Most recently, one of the impacted patentees – Diamond Art Club LLC – filed a lawsuit challenging the the termination based upon “arbitrary and capricious” action by the agency.  In particular, the patent applicant argues that it is being unfairly punished as the victim: “If the misconduct described by the Defendants did in fact occur, Plaintiff was the victim of the misconduct.” [DAC Complaint]

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Federal Court Partially Blocks Executive Order Targeting WilmerHale: USPTO Acting Director Among Named Defendants

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

In a significant development affecting the legal profession and potentially patent practice, Judge Richard J. Leon of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia has partially granted WilmerHale’s motion for a temporary restraining order against President Trump’s recent executive order targeting the firm. Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP v. Executive Office of the President, No. 25-cv-917 (D.D.C. Mar. 28, 2025).

The firm’s complaint, filed on March 28, 2025, names dozens of federal agencies and officials as defendants, including Coke Morgan Stewart in her official capacity as Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Acting Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. This inclusion is particularly relevant to patent practitioners, as the order threatened to severely impair WilmerHale’s ability to represent clients before the USPTO.

WilmerHale’s complaint noted that its Intellectual Property department regularly represents “patent applicants, patent holders, and patent challengers before U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in patent prosecution and post-grant proceedings.” The executive order, if fully implemented, would have restricted WilmerHale attorneys’ access to federal buildings and limited federal employees from engaging with them, potentially preventing effective advocacy before the USPTO.

Judge Leon granted temporary relief as to Sections 3 and 5 of the executive order, which would have required government contractors to disclose business relationships with WilmerHale, threatened government contracts involving the firm, restricted WilmerHale employees’ access to federal buildings, and limited government employees from engaging with firm personnel. The court found these provisions likely violate the First Amendment, with Judge Leon noting that “the retaliatory nature of the Executive Order at issue here is clear from its face.”  The parties must file a joint status report by March 31, 2025, proposing an expedited schedule for further proceedings. (more…)

USPTO Director Takes Control of Expanded Discretionary Denials Amid PTAB Staffing Concerns

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

In a significant procedural shift, Acting USPTO Director Coke Morgan Stewart has announced a new “Interim Process for PTAB Workload Management” that fundamentally changes aspects of how America Invents Act (AIA) patent challenges are handled. The March 26, 2025 memorandum bifurcates the institution decision process by centralizing discretionary denial authority with the Director herself.  This follows the Feburary 28, 2025 action rescinding former Director Vidal’s June 2022 memorandum that had significantly curtailed discretionary denials based on the Fintiv factors when parallel district court litigation is pending. I expect this change will substantially increase the percent of IPR/PRG petitions denied at the institution stage.

USPTO leadership appears to have a goal of increasing discretionary denials to protect patentees from harassment and delay in enforcing their property right.  In addition, though, it appears that the Office has a genuine concern about workload management as stated in the memo. The PTAB is being stretched thin by staff shortages caused by the return-to-office (RTO) requirement coupled with reduction-in-force (RIF) efforts from President Trump and Elon Musk’s White House.  A substantial number of PTAB judges have quit and further reductions are expected in the coming month.  The memorandum indicates that the new procedures are “temporary in nature due, in part, to the current workload needs of the PTAB.”

One difficulty with discretionary denials in the past is that patentees had little room in their briefs to address the issue in any detail.  As discussed below, the new rule provides substantial space for patentees to brief the issue. This will also alter district court proceedings, with patentees again seeking to move faster at the outset to obtain an early trial date and accused infringers seeking delay as well as preemptive stays. (more…)

Statutory Text vs. Precedent: Analyzing the AIA’s On-Sale Bar for Secret Processes in Celanese v. ITC

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

The pending cert petition in Celanese v. ITC asks whether the sale of products made using a secret process triggers the on-sale bar post-AIA.  In my view, the case sets up a fundamental tension between a straight reading of the statutory text and longstanding precedent.  My bet is on the precedent.

Although Congress has repeatedly tinkered with U.S. patent law over the past several decades, the America Invents Act of 2011 was clearly the most dramatic rewriting of  the law since 1952. The fundamental change to Section 102 was the transition from first-to-invent to first-to-file.   In addition, the law was amended throughout to focus on the “claimed invention” rather than simply the “invention.”  This second change is important for the Celanese case.  35 U.S.C. § 102(a)(1)  now reads:

A person shall be entitled to a patent unless … (a)(1) the claimed invention was patented, described in a printed publication, or in public use, on sale, or otherwise available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention.

The AIA also added a definition of the new term, defining “claimed invention” as “the subject matter defined by a claim in a patent or an application for a patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 100(j).  This heightened specificity was largely downplayed as a clarification that courts were already following. In particular, for anticipation situations courts were already asking whether the asserted prior art disclosed the invention as claimed.

But, one key divergence from this practice involves … (more…)

Federal Circuit Redefines Prior Art Requirements Under § 102(e)/102(a)(2): In re Riggs

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

In a significant decision, the Federal Circuit has established a more rigorous test for determining when a published patent application claiming priority to a provisional application can be considered prior art as of its provisional filing date.  In re Riggs, Case No. 2022-1945 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 24, 2025).   The case is decided under pre-AIA 102(e), and so it is not entirely clear whether the same law applies post-AIA.

The basic idea behind 102(e)/102(a)(2) is intuitive — the earlier-filed application should be given priority over the later-filed application. But, the actual doctrine has always been controversial because it creates what I call “secret springing prior art.” When an application is filed but not yet published, it exists as a confidential document at the USPTO that no competitor can access. When that application eventually publishes (typically 18 months after filing), it suddenly becomes prior art — backdated to its original filing date. This creates a situation where inventors might develop what they believe is novel technology, only to have an earlier-filed but later-published application “spring forth” as invalidating prior art.

Riggs focuses on reaching back even further – to the provisional application filing date.  The key holding (more…)

The OxyContin Conundrum: Can a Creator of Crisis Patent Its Solution?

Patent

By Dennis Crouch

There is an almost ritualistic moment anytime I teach property and estates law.  The hand shoots up and a student asks what happens when those listed in a will – murder their benefactors to accelerate inheritance.  There tends to be some nervous laughter as well as genuine curiosity.  Virtually all jurisdictions have created some “slayer rule” stemming from the common law principle that “no one shall profit from their own wrong,” preventing killers from inheriting from their victims.

I wonder if this same principle—that wrongdoers should not profit from their misconduct—resurfaces in the context of Purdue Pharma’s recent Supreme Court filing. After playing a central role in fueling the devastating opioid OxyContin epidemic,  Purdue now seeks to extend and defend patents on abuse-deterrent formulations designed to mitigate the very crisis they helped create.  But, this ethical dilemma may be somewhat resolved with Purdue Pharma’s March 2025 reorganization plan that proposes transforming into a “public benefit company” dedicated to addressing the opioid crisis.  The best analogy here may be to biblical Saul who through spiritual revelation was transformed from a persecutor of Christians to their most fervent apostle.  The plan for Purdue is a similar death and rebirth — albeit part of a negotiated legal remedy rather than a moral or spiritual conversion. The company is being dissolved and reorganized with a new mission, but this is happening through court-supervised bankruptcy proceedings with specific financial and structural requirements.

Lets dig into this pending case: Purdue Pharma was recently granted a 30-day extension to submit its petition for certiorari, seeking review of a Federal Circuit decision that invalidated several OxyContin-related patents.  As is usual, the extension application includes strong foreshadowing that the eventual petition will focus on the core question of obviousness — and particularly the role of objective indicia of non-obviousness.

Federal Circuit Affirms Invalidity of Purdue’s OxyContin Patents

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Sheet Music v. Sound Waves: When Old Copyright Law Meets Modern Music

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The copyright dispute over Ed Sheeran’s song “Thinking Out Loud” has made its way to the Supreme Court’s doorstep.  The petition raises questions about judicial deference to administrative interpretations and the scope of copyright protection for musical compositions under the 1909 Copyright Act.  In the case, the Second Circuit had sided with Sheeran — affirming dismissal of the infringement claim based largely on a technical limitation of pre-1976 copyright law.  Structured Asset Sales, LLC v. Sheeran.

The underlying dispute centers on allegations that Sheeran’s Grammy-winning “Thinking Out Loud” (2014) infringes the copyright of Marvin Gaye and Ed Townsend’s “Let’s Get It On” (1973). Structured Asset Sales (SAS) owns a partial interest in Townsend’s share and contends that Sheeran copied protected elements from the iconic soul classic.

The Second Circuit’s decision hinged on the fact that the copyright was pre-1976.  Under the 1909 Copyright Act, the scope of copyright protection extends only to the elements contained in the “deposit copy” submitted to the Copyright Office at registration. In this case, that meant only the elements in the handwritten sheet music deposited in 1973, not the additional musical elements found in Gaye’s sound recording. (more…)

Prosecution Disclaimer Across Patent Family Members

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

Maquet Cardiovascular LLC v. Abiomed Inc., 2023-2045 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 21, 2025)

This new decision is a good read for patent prosecutors and litigators.  The decision  somewhat limits use of prosecution history for claim construction across patent families — and ultimately vacates the district court judgment of non-infringement.  The case offers something of a roadmap for patent prosecutors to avoid prosecution disclaimer spreading across family members.

Maquet Cardiovascular owns U.S. Patent No. 10,238,783 claims an integrated guide mechanism for deploying blood pumps to specific locations in a patient’s circulatory system. The integrated guide eliminates the need for supplemental guiding mechanisms. Maquet sued Abiomed for infringement of several claims of both the ‘783 patent and its parent, U.S. Patent No. 9,789,238.

The district court claim construction turned heavily on prosecution history from family member patents. Specifically, the district court added two key negative limitations to the disputed claim terms based on prosecution disclaimer: (1) the “guide wire lumen is not distal to the cannula,” derived from prosecution of the parent ’238 patent, and (2) the “guide wire does not extend through the free space in between the rotor blades,” based on prosecution history from the great-great-grandparent ’728 patent.  (more…)

Tax Victory for Generic Drug Companies: Federal Circuit Affirms ANDA Litigation Expenses are Deductible

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

In a significant win for the generic pharmaceutical industry, the Federal Circuit recently affirmed that legal expenses incurred defending Hatch-Waxman patent litigation can be deducted immediately as ordinary business expenses rather than capitalized. The decision in Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. v. United States, No. 2023-1320 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 21, 2025), affirms the earlier ruling by Court of Federal Claims Judge Ryan Holte in favor of Actavis.  The U.S. Government will now need to issue a tax refund of about $12 million just for 2008-2009. (more…)

New PTAB Informative Decision Demands MPF Construction and Parallel Litigation Consistency

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In a decision newly designated as “informative” by the USPTO, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) provided important guidance on the procedural requirements for inter partes review (IPR) petitions, particularly consistency between IPR proceedings and parallel litigation.

Cambridge Mobile Telematics, Inc. v. Sfara, Inc., IPR2024-00952, Paper 12 (P.T.A.B. Dec. 13, 2024).

In its decision, the Board exercised discretion to deny the petition because the petitioner failed to properly address claim construction, particularly whether the claim terms were means-plus-function under 35 U.S.C. §112(f). The petitioner had argued in related district court litigation that certain “component” terms (e.g., “mode-determining component,” “first detecting component”) were means-plus-function terms and thus indefinite due to lack of corresponding structure. However, in the IPR petition, the petitioner adopted a contradictory position—arguing that no explicit construction was needed and applying plain and ordinary meaning.

The PTAB found this contradictory position problematic because the petitioner had emphasized in district court proceedings that the classification as means-plus-function terms was “case-dispositive.” The Board concluded the petitioner violated 37 C.F.R. §42.104(b)(3) by failing either to provide constructions explicitly, identify structure, or adequately justify its contradictory positions. Thus, the majority denied institution under 35 U.S.C. §314(a) due to procedural deficiencies in the petition.

The press bulletin release from the USPTO states:

In this decision denying institution, the Board addresses circumstances in which a petitioner argues in district court that a claim limitation should be construed as means-plus-function and argues in a petition for inter partes review that the PTAB should construe the same limitation using the plain and ordinary meaning. The majority opinion determines that the petition should, at a minimum, explain why the different positions are warranted or, alternatively, set forth a means-plus-function construction for the limitation.

Link.

Here, the denial was based on dual issues of (1) failure to discuss the MPF interpretation; and (2) clear contradiction with statements in the district court. Without the contradiction, I expect the panel would likely have been more lenient – especially in a situation like this where the claims do not use the word “means.”  Likewise, had Cambridge Mobile acknowledged their district court position and provided some explanation for using plain meaning in the IPR context, the outcome might have been different, as the Board seems more concerned with the unexplained strategic inconsistency rather than the mere absence of MPF analysis. (more…)

Narrowly Broad: The Federal Circuit’s Improper Expansion of Unreviewable Agency Discretion

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

The Federal Circuit’s short precedential decision in Realtek v. ITC & DivX addresses ITC sanctions proceedings. The alleged bad act here involves patentee DivX who arguably altered its infringement theory against Realtek midstream and then ultimately dismissed its complaint against the Taiwanese semiconductor company after that pathway was also cut off. Realtek thought that the ITC should sanction the patentee, but the ITC refused.  The Federal Circuit recently dismissed the appeal — holding that the court had no power to review this abuse of discretion claim.

Although the court’s ultimate conclusion may be correct here, I explain below how the court’s approach to the analysis is wrong. (more…)

Guest Post by Profs. Masur & Ouellette: Patent Disclosure and After-Arising Technologies

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Guest post by Professors Jonathan S. Masur (Chicago Law) and Lisa Larrimore Ouellette (Stanford Law).

This blog recently covered the Federal Circuit’s important decision in In re Entresto (Novartis Pharmaceuticals v. Torrent Pharma), 125 F.4th 1090 (Fed. Cir. 2025), which upheld patent claims even though they covered after-arising technology that was not described or enabled in the specification. As Dennis noted, the Federal Circuit appeared to depart from well-established prior law on the subject. But as we explain in our forthcoming article, Disclosure Puzzles in Patent Law, we believe the court should move the law further still from where it stands—and it should correct some of its reasoning along the way.

To review, In re Entresto involved a patent that claimed a pharmaceutical composition of two hypertension drugs, valsartan and sacubitril, “in combination.” When the patent was filed, the only known method of combining these chemicals was in a physical mixture. That is the only combination method disclosed in the specification. In the intervening years, however, scientists have discovered a means of combining the two chemicals in a “complex,” an arrangement in which they are connected by weak chemical bonds. This is the method used to make the accused infringing drug. The patent owner argued successfully that the claim language (“in combination”) was broad enough to cover this mode of combination. But the fact that the use of a complex was after-arising technology—and thus the specification said nothing about it—raised written description and enablement issues.

The Federal Circuit upheld the patent against both challenges for basically the same reason: that the specification demonstrated that the patentee possessed and enabled the full scope of the claims at the time the patent application was filed. In other words, the patent claimed the two chemicals “in combination,” and the specification had indeed described and enabled the two chemicals “in combination.” But the court’s reasoning was peculiar. The court asserted that the after-arising technology—the combination of the two chemicals into a complex—“is not what is claimed.” To argue otherwise, the Federal Circuit declared, would be to “erroneously conflate[] the distinct issues of patentability and infringement.” (more…)

Secretary of Commerce Clears House at USPTO Advisory Committees

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

In an unprecedented move, the Secretary of Commerce is terminating all current appointments to the Patent Public Advisory Committee (PPAC) and Trademark Public Advisory Committee (TPAC), effectively removing the entire membership of both committees.  New members will apparently be appointed shortly, with the USPTO planning to proceed with previously scheduled public committee meetings in May 2025.  The statute requires that “any vacancy on an Advisory Committee shall be filled within 90 days after it occurs.”

Although my memory is sometimes faulty, I believe that this is the first time in the committees’ 25 year history that an incoming presidential administration has dismissed all members.  The dismissed PPAC includes Loletta Darde, Earl Bright, Henry Hadad, Lateef Mtima, Marvin J. Slepian, Olivia Tsai, Maria Anderson, Idris McKelvey, and Jennifer Yokoyama.  The last three of these were appointed in January 2025 — making them immediately suspect to the new administration seeking to make dramatic departures from approaches taken by President Biden’s administration.  In general, this group was all put in place under President Biden and  would have likely been a contentious group to deal with — potentially authoring negative reports and asking difficult questions.

The new committees will be more friendly to the new administration, but my hope is that they will still be able to provide independent guidance and counsel to the USPTO Director. The effectiveness of these advisory committees has always depended on their ability to bring diverse perspectives and constructive criticism to USPTO operations, rather than simply rubber-stamping agency decisions. While political alignment with the administration may facilitate communication, the value here is really derived from member expertise, connection to practice, and willingness to challenge assumptions when necessary. (more…)

Patent Law Year in Review: Top-Nine Topics for 2025

Patent

by Dennis Crouch

I’m delivering a U.S. patent law year-in-review for the past year or so.  Here are Nine of the topics that deserve some focus.

1. The New USPTO under President Trump: The greatest ongoing issue is the about-face from President Trump to President Biden. The ultimate direction and outcome will become more clear as we move through 2025, but there have already been dramatic shifts, especially focused on workforce RTO and RIF and elimination of non-core USPTO activities. Meanwhile backlog is growing again.

2. The Only Federal Circuit En Banc Decision – LKQ v. GM: Shifts in design patent obviousness analysis moving away from the Rosen-Durling test toward the more flexible KSR standard.  We’ll talk through how the USPTO is responding; global expansion of design rights; and the 20% rise in design patents in 2024 (while also having a growing backlog).

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