Did Jarkesy Undermine Oil States? ParkerVision Thinks So

by Dennis Crouch

In 2018, the Supreme Court's 7-2 decision in Oil States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene's Energy Group, LLC, 584 U.S. 325 (2018) affirmed the constitutionality of inter partes review (IPR) proceedings. The Court held that patents are "public rights" and thus may be canceled through congressionally authorized administrative proceedings without violating Article III or the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial. This decision was a significant win for proponents of the America Invents Act (AIA) and those seeking to use the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) as an efficient mechanism to cancel issued patents.

Fast forward to 2024, and a number of us were watching the non-patent case of SEC v. Jarkesy, 144 S. Ct. 2117 (2024), wondering if it might destabilize Oil States. Jarkesy indeed narrowed the scope of what qualifies as a "public right," potentially reopening the debate on the constitutionality of IPRs.


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Article III, the PTAB, and Expired Patents: Constitutional Analysis After Oil States

by Dennis Crouch

The Supreme Court is being asked to decide whether the PTAB can invalidate expired patents through inter partes review, in a case that could limit the reach of the landmark Oil States decision that found IPRs constitutionally permissive. In Apple Inc. v. Gesture Technology Partners, the Federal Circuit ruled that PTAB retains jurisdiction over expired patents, but the patentee argues in its petition that once patents expire, they become purely private property rights that require traditional court adjudication rather than administrative review. Certiorari petition - Gesture v. Apple.

In Oil States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene’s Energy Group, LLC, 584 U.S. 325 (2018), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of inter partes review (IPR) proceedings under Article III and the Seventh Amendment.  Older property rights cases had barred administrative action to eliminate private property rights.  But Oil States distinguished those cases -- holding that the patent is “the grant of a public franchise” – a government-conferred right to exclude others for a limited time.  Because a patent “did not exist at common law” but is a creature of statute, Congress may condition or qualify that grant, including by providing for administrative reconsideration of the patent’s validity.

Under this framework, Oil States placed patent validity determinations within the Court’s public-rights doctrine, which permits adjudication in non-Article III forums for matters “closely integrated into a public regulatory scheme” involving the government. The Court explained that IPR “does not make any binding determination regarding ‘the liability of [one individual] to [another] under the law’” – instead, it remains a matter between the patent owner and the government (acting to correct its own grant). Because of this public-rights framing, the Court found no Article III violation in assigning patent reconsideration to the PTAB.  Likewise, the Seventh Amendment jury right was not triggered: the IPR was not a “Suit at common law” between private parties, but an administrative proceeding reviewing a public franchise grant. Oil States ultimately likened IPR to a specialized extension of the patent examination process.

Notably, Oil States emphasized the narrowness of its holding. The Court explicitly reserved judgment on “whether other patent matters, such as infringement actions, can be heard in a non-Article III forum.”  But, Oil States does not discuss the extent its reasoning would apply once a patent’s term had ended.


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Cert Denied in Oil States Follow-On Cases

Until today, a host of patent cases have been pending before the Supreme Court -- hanging onto the coattails of Oil States. Following full affirmance of the IPR regime, the Supreme Court has now denied certiorari in those cases.  The one additional case that was ripe-for-certiorari in the most recent Conference is PNC Bank National Association  v. Secure Axcess, LLC, No. 17-350.  The court issued no order in that case -- suggesting that it may be up for further consideration.  In PNC, the substantive question is "whether . . . CBM review requires that the claims of the patent expressly include a 'financial activity element?'"

CBM Review Keeps its Narrow Scope: Narrowly Surviving En Banc Challenge

As far as I know, all of the Oil States follow-on cases denied today involved a patent whose claims had been cancelled by the PTAB.  In those cases, all appeals have now seemingly been exhausted.

Cases where Certiorari was Denied:  


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