Patent Attorney – Small Corporation – Salt Lake City, Utah

July 30, 2013- US - West, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate, Work - Patent Litigation, Work - Patent Prosecution

Patent Attorney – Law Firm – Boston, Mass.

July 30, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate, Work - Patent Prosecution

Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios, LLP, diversified regional law firm, has an immediate opening in its Boston office for a partner-level patent attorney with a background in biochemistry or chemistry. A generous percentage-based compensation arrangement is offered, ideal for a seasoned practitioner who desires to develop and grow a practice.

Patent Agent / Attorney – Small Corporation – Cambridge, Mass.

July 25, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech, Work - Patent Agent, Work - Patent Prosecution

Moderna Therapeutics is seeking a skilled para-professional (assistant or paralegal) for in-house legal support with a focus on intellectual property and transactional matters. This talented individual will be instrumental in supporting internal efforts directed at patent preparation, filing, and prosecution. The position will also involve support of transactional work directed to various contracts and agreements including MTAs, CDAs, JDAs, MSAs, research collaborations, and licensing agreements. The IP assistant/paralegal will also provide general support of the company’s legal department as well as special projects as they may arise within the department.

Responsibilities:
• Effectively collaborates with in-house attorneys and agents and coordinates with outside counsel/staff
• Supports timely patent preparation, filing and prosecution activities
• Support and manage all contract and transactional work at the company
• Responsible for special projects including, but not limited to; due diligence, assignment projects, interference proceedings, post grant review, sequence listings, re-examinations, and on-line patent database searches
• Assumes additional responsibilities, as assigned

Minimum Qualifications:
• 3 years of legal administrative or para-professional experience in a corporation or law firm
• Proficient with Microsoft Word, Outlook, searching and docketing software
• Effective collaborator interpersonal skills

Preferred Qualifications:
• A BA/BS degree
• Experience in biotech or pharmaceutical industry or at law firm that supports the same
• Familiarity with technical aspects of biological or chemical sciences
• Notary Public certification

Competencies:
• Detail Orientation (strong attention to detail and high quality work standards)
• Highly Organized (ability to prioritize and perform effectively under pressure)
• Results Orientation
• Operates Independently (works independently and meet deadlines with minimum supervision)
• Excellent analytical, organizational and time management skills
• Effective Communication (oral and written)

Contact:
Apply online at: http://modernatx.com/revolution.

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Small Corporation
Job Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

Why join Moderna Therapeutics:

Moderna Therapeutics is pioneering messenger RNA therapeutics™, an entirely new in vivo drug modality that produces human proteins or antibodies inside patient cells, which are in turn active intracellularly or secreted. This breakthrough platform addresses currently undruggable targets and offers a superior alternative to existing drug modalities for a wide range of disease conditions. Moderna has developed a broad intellectual property estate relating to mRNA therapeutic technologies ranging from novel nucleotide chemistries to specific drug compositions. The company plans to develop and commercialize its innovative mRNA drugs—initially for rare diseases and oncology—while partnering drug candidates in other therapeutic areas in order to rapidly deliver this innovation to patients.

Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Moderna is privately held and was founded in 2010 by Flagship VentureLabs in association with leading scientists from Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Moderna recently signed a collaboration agreement with Astra Zeneca that provided a $240MM upfront payment (plus milestone payments).

Moderna is committed to equal employment opportunity and non-discrimination for all employees and qualified applicants without regard to a person’s race, color, gender, age, religion, national origin, ancestry, disability, veteran status, genetic information, sexual orientation or any characteristic protected under applicable law. Moderna will make reasonable accommodations for qualified individuals with known disabilities, in accordance with applicable law.

Patent Associate – Law Firm – Kansas City, Mo.

July 19, 2013- US - Midwest, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Tech - Electrical, Tech - Mechanical, Work - Patent Prosecution

Stinson Morrison Hecker LLP, a broad based, national firm, seeks a qualified attorney for its IP and Technology practice division in our Kansas City office. We are seeking a patent attorney with one to three years experience.

Director IP Strategy, Biopharmaceuticals – Other – Chicago, Ill.

July 15, 2013- US - Midwest, Tech - Biotech

Pharmaceutical company seeks Director IP Strategy, Biopharmaceuticals. Individual will be responsible for developing and implementing intellectual property strategies (IPS) for the company's biologics franchises and products.

Senior Patent Counsel – Other – Boston, Mass. area

July 15, 2013- US - Northeast, Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Work - Patent Prosecution

Pharmaceutical company seeks Senior Patent Counsel to support the company's biopharmaceuticals group, i.e., antibody based drugs. Candidates must have significant experience with patent prosecution matters involving both development and commercial stage therapeutic antibody programs.

Patent Search Attorney – Large Corporation – Evanston, Ill.

July 6, 2013- US - Midwest, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Tech - Electrical, Tech - Mechanical, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate

Cardinal Intellectual Property, an Intellectual Property Search and Services company, is seeking a Patent Search Attorney to work in its Evanston, Illinois office. We are particularly looking for those who have a background in Computer Science and/or Electrical Engineering to fill this technical need. This role is an integral part of our Private Client Services (PCS) team and works intimately with clients in order to ensure requirements are met and high quality Private Client searches and projects are delivered. This includes, but is not limited to:

• Developing complete and timely quotes/estimates for PCS clients
• Drafting instructions and compensation details per client requirements
• Fielding questions from clients regarding CIP work product
• Assisting clients through troubleshooting and implementing solutions
• Providing assistance to analytical and sales teams where necessary and needed
• Final review of searches to assure high quality
• Performing PCS searches

Desired Skills & Experience:
• JD Required
• Must be a Patent Attorney and/or Patent Agent
• Technical Degree is required
• Electrical Engineering and/or Computer Science background is a major plus
• Prior patent experience in a law firm
• Prior industrial experience a plus
• Trademark experience is a major plus

Contact:
Apply online by visiting this link: http://www.cardinal-ip.com/careers/careers.html. Cardinal Intellectual Property, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity Employer.

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Large Corporation
Job Location: Evanston, Illinois

Cardinal Intellectual Property, is an Intellectual Property Search and Services company. Our staff includes scientists, patent agents, attorneys, and former patent examiners who conduct thorough, in-depth patent research and analysis. We also provide intellectual property monitoring and IP docketing services. Visit our website, www.cardinal-ip.com, for more information.

Company Culture:
Our corporate culture is entrepreneurial, self-confident and informal. The atmosphere is creative, fast-paced and focused on growth. We work to foster an environment that promotes innovation, appreciates diversity of thought that creates new opportunities for development.

Patent Agent – Other – Phoenix, Ariz.

June 19, 2013- US - Southwest, Tech - Biotech, Work - Patent Agent

The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) is seeking a Patent Agent. This Patent Agent is to work with a dynamic group of attorneys and staff and will be responsibility for technology, commercialization and intellectual property management, including without limitation, drafting and reviewing contracts, receiving, reviewing and processing disclosures, drafting, filing and prosecution of patent applications, communicating with and advising inventors and management, updating and managing dockets and software system for tracking and reporting.

Detailed Description:
The primary responsibilities of the Patent Agent are:
• Will interact and conduct interviews with scientific staff to discuss and collect experimental data and obtain invention disclosures. Will follow ethical requirements in examiner interviews.
• Develop strategies for protecting inventions.
• Draft specifications and claims for patent applications and writing scientific and technical documents in clear concise English.
• Negotiates agreements; prepares documents for filing and processing.
• Analyze Patent Office actions and preparing responses.
• Perform necessary legal and technical research using all available resources including libraries and computer data systems.
• Commercialization and technology transfer activities.
• Drafting and negotiating a variety of contracts including intellectual property related agreements, licensing, confidentiality, material transfer, research and development, consulting, lease, collaborative and technology transfer agreements.
• Such other activities as management may request.

Job Requirements:
- A Bachelor's Degree in a related field
- 2+ years of experience drafting and filing patent applications and responses to Office Actions
- Being registered to practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, particular experience interacting with USPTO on applications related to biomedical research a plus.
- Biotechnology/Life Science experience is a plus.
- Experience doing patentability searches is a plus.

The successful Patent Agent should be able to effectively manage a docket with multiple staff and deadlines, conduct legal and technical research and analysis in support of various patent-related matters and work closely with attorneys and staff to research the invention and draft the specifications using technical expertise in the field. A certain degree of creativity and latitude is required. The ideal Patent Agent will be articulate, highly motivated, and enjoy working with emerging technologies and business models.

Contact:
If you are interested in seeing the most up to date job listings or to apply for a position, please go to careers.tgen.org and submit your resume for this position. Please take a moment to read about our employee benefits and learn more about TGen. If you have any questions about the company or how to post for a position, please contact tgenhr@tgen.org. Looking for Phoenix based residents or those who are willing to relocate to Phoenix.

Please apply to all the jobs you are interested in. Only resumes submitted through the
TGen career website will be considered.

We value and support diversity in our workforce.
EEO/AA

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Other
Job Location: Phoenix, Arizona

The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) is a non‐profit biomedical research institute based in Phoenix, Arizona, focused on research that can help patients with cancer, neurological disorders, diabetes and other debilitating conditions. Working with a worldwide network of collaborators in the scientific and medical communities, TGen researchers study the genetic components of both common and complex diseases. Through genomic analysis, we learn how DNA, genes and proteins – the microscopic building block of life – can affect human health. Our 41 lead investigators and nearly 300 support personnel at sites in Phoenix, Scottsdale and Flagstaff, Arizona, are dedicated to improving patient care and quality of life through precision medicine, best defined as the right therapy, for the right patient, at the right time.

Lateral Patent Attorney – Law Firm – Alexandria Va.

June 14, 2013- US - MidAtlantic and South, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Tech - Electrical, Tech - Mechanical, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate, Work - Patent Litigation, Work - Patent Prosecution

Juneau Partners IP Law Firm seeks one or more lateral patent attorneys to join our growing practice. Position requires you have your own book of business and a desire to have a bit more control over your life.

Contract Partner – Law Firm – Morristown, N.J.

May 29, 2013- US - MidAtlantic and South, - US - Northeast, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Work - Patent Litigation, Work - Patent Prosecution

Pergament Gilman & Cepeda LLP, a Morristown, NJ IP firm, seeks patent counsel with a book of business of $300,000 or more. The firm is prepared to offer very advantageous terms of association for the right candidate. Partnership track is possible.

Patent Litigation Counsel (In-House) – Large Corporation – Southern Germany

May 23, 2013- Europe, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate, Work - Patent Litigation

Our client is one of the leading global players in the pharmaceutical industry and develops, manufactures, and distributes a wide range of products, including world-famous brands. Our client's continued success is based on the company’s innovative culture and high standards.

Senior Patent Attorney – Large Corporation – Exton, Pa.

May 23, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech

DSM Biomedical, a leading innovator in medical materials and regenerative devices, has three global locations: one in the Netherlands and two in the U.S. (Berkeley, CA and Exton, PA). The U.S. locations are well known for their expertise in silicone hydrogels, biostable polyurethanes, collagens, synthetic resorbable polymers, extracellular matrices, mechanical devices, and other regenerative medicine technologies. Over the last few years DSM Biomedical has experienced rapid growth in the U.S. due to the acquisition of various companies active in the biomedical field, including Kensey Nash Corporation.

As a patent attorney you contribute to the creation, development and exploitation of the extensive patent portfolio of DSM Biomedical. Not only will you be able to enhance your professional expertise in global prosecution and litigation, you will also broaden your business skills while counseling the businesses on matters regarding intellectual property.

Principal Duties:
• Handles all IP issues for entrusted accounts: filing and prosecuting patent applications, obtaining patents, assessing freedom to operate, evaluating and negotiating IP provisions in contracts, analyzing third party patents.
• Defends own patents and attacks third party patents having an impact on BG ('s) business activities where appropriate, particularly in written and oral opposition and appeal proceedings before the European Patent Office and corresponding proceedings worldwide.
• Maintains a high level of patent awareness throughout Business and R&D.
• Helps Management to define and implement an adequate IP strategy aligned with the respective BG-BSD.
• Advises upon request, Management, Business and/or Legal, on strategic cooperation's with external organizations, divestments and freedom to operate.
• Where appropriate advises, and/or prepares the IP relevant and technical part of the pleadings for a lawyer and/or appears in court.
• Builds interactive relationships with customers to ensure that PA is proactively involved with the Business Team. Motivates colleagues to consider strategic IP plans as integral to the Business.
• Broad scientific knowledge at university level in a field related to DSM's business.

Qualifications:
• Must have in-house experience.
• 3-6 years experience.
• Fluent in English
• Maintains expertise in the field.
• 30% Domestic and International travel
• Excellent oral and written communication skills
• Excellent human relations and problem solving skills

Specialized post-academic knowledge of European patent law (must be a qualified as European Patent Attorney or corresponding national Patent Attorney), trademark law, industrial designs and models law, unfair competition law and copyright law.
Specialized knowledge of international regulations in the field of IP and various foreign patent systems that are important for BG's business.
Familiarity with regulatory environment relevant to business area.

AA/EEO

Contact:
Apply online by visiting this link: www.kenseynash.com/careers.

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Large Corporation
Job Location: Exton, Pennsylvania

Patent Agent/Patent Counsel – Small Corporation – Cambridge, Mass.

May 2, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Work - Patent Agent, Work - Patent Prosecution

Infinity Pharmaceuticals Inc. is seeking a Patent Agent/Patent Counsel with 3-5 years of experience to join its dynamic legal team. This person will be a critical member of the organization and will work with a variety of cross-functional teams in a fast-paced environment to build and maintain a strong intellectual property portfolio in support of the company’s drug discovery and development efforts. The role will also involve exposure to a broad range of non-patent legal issues and require the development of independent partnerships with senior scientific and business management.

Requirements:
• Advanced degree in chemistry (organic chemistry preferred) with experience in the pharmaceutical field
• 3-5 years of law firm or corporate law department experience required
• Admitted to practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office required
• Juris Doctorate from an accredited law school and member of at least one U.S. state bar (optional)

Responsibilities:
• Draft patent applications and responses to PTO correspondence
• Identify patentable inventions through frequent interactions with project teams
• Perform and analyze patentability and freedom to operate searches, identify any potential issues and advise project teams
• Assist with due diligence reviews
• Supervise outside counsel
• Educate other Citizen Owners about intellectual property issues

Technical Competencies:
• Ability to independently draft patent applications and conduct patentability and FTO structures searches
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills
• Ability to work both independently and in a team environment with people at different levels within the company. This is an extremely interactive role that requires excellent listening skills, the ability to identify patent innovations, and succinctly identify and communicate decisions to a team.

Contact:
To apply, please visit our website at http://www.infi.com/careers-opportunities.asp.

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Small Corporation
Job Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

Infinity Pharmaceuticals is an innovative cancer drug discovery and development company that is seeking to leverage its strength in small molecule drug technologies to discover, develop, and deliver to patients first-in-class or best-in-class medicines for the treatment of cancer and related conditions.

Job Description Title: Patent Agent / Patent Counsel
Reports to: Associate General Counsel, Intellectual Property

Patent Agent – Law Firm – Multiple Locations

April 23, 2013- US - Midwest, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Work - Patent Agent

Faegre Baker Daniels seeks a Biotech/Biochemical/Chemical patent agent to join our thriving Intellectual Property Group. Candidates must have passed the Patent Bar exam and have at least 2 years experience in patent preparation and prosecution. The candidate must have a Ph.D. in a biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, chemistry or related field as well as excellent academic credentials, strong writing skills and professional recommendations. Transactional and patent opinion/analysis support experience is a plus.

Patent Scientist – Large Corporation – St. Louis, Mo.

April 9, 2013- US - Midwest, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate

Monsanto’s Biotechnology Organization is seeking a highly motivated Patent Agent to join our Patent Scientist Team. In this role the candidate will primarily have patent preparation and prosecution responsibilities.

Key Business Accountabilities:
• Draft new patent applications
• Assist internal and external counsel with the prosecution of applications
• Provide technical support for preparation of patent applications, patent and literature database searching, and review and evaluate new invention disclosures
• Serve as a liaison between scientists and Monsanto’s legal teams

Core Business/Functional Skills and Education:
• Bachelor of Science Degree in a life sciences field with at least 3 years of experience in the preparation and prosecution of patent applications and performing Freedom to Operate and Patentability Searches
• Registered to practice with the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO)
• Proficient with the USPTO’s Electronic Filing System (EFS) and Public and Private PAIR systems
• Strong familiarity with genomic sciences including gene structure, functional genomics, and bioinformatics
• Able to clearly express complex scientific concepts in written and presentation form
• Ability to work closely with diverse teams and diverse roles while managing competing priorities

Desired Experience:
• Advanced Degree (MS or Ph D) in a life science preferred
• Experience searching, aligning, and describing genetic elements including nucleotide, ribonucleotide, and peptide sequences
• Working knowledge of international patent prosecution rules
• Ability to interact with scientific teams to explain and advise regarding complex IP strategies, filings and landscapes within a particular scientific field

Contact:
To view the complete job description for this exciting position and/or apply online to this opportunity please visit our website at jobs.monsanto.com/patentscientist. Patent Scientist – Req #: 00GY7.

We offer very competitive salaries and an extensive benefits package.

Monsanto is an equal opportunity employer. We value a diverse combination of ideas, perspectives and cultures. EEO/AA EMPLOYER M/F/D/V

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Law Firm
Job Location: St. Louis, Missouri

Monsanto has always embraced innovation and always focused on making a better world. You can see it in our groundbreaking technology and in our dynamic environment where your skills and your career can grow and develop. We know that every day, new ideas can come from anyone, anywhere. You’ll be respected, you’ll contribute to the bottom line and you’ll help farmers feed the world\

Patent Attorney – Small Corporation – Ipswich, Mass.

April 4, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Biotech, Work - Patent Prosecution

New England Biolabs, Inc., a recognized leader in enzyme design and development, is seeking a part-time Patent Attorney who will be responsible for assisting the Intellectual Property Counsel with drafting and prosecuting patent applications.

Biotechnology Associate – Law Firm – Boston, Mass.

March 21, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Biotech, Work - Patent Prosecution

largest New England-based law firm focused solely on intellectual property (IP) law. We have immediate openings for a mid-level patent prosecution associate in the Biotechnology group.

IP Associate – Law Firm – Washington, D.C.

March 12, 2013- US - MidAtlantic and South, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Electrical, Tech - Mechanical, Work - Patent Litigation

Patent Prosecution Associate (Junior Level) – Law Firm – Philadelphia, Pa.

January 24, 2013- US - Northeast, Emp - Law Firm, Tech - Biotech, Tech - Chemical / Pharma, Work - Patent Prosecution

The Philadelphia office of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, an international law firm with some 1,400 attorneys, is seeking to hire a highly motivated junior level associate for our Intellectual Property Practice.

Candidates must have patent prosecution experience in the fields of life sciences, biomedical engineering and/or chemical engineering. Candidates must possess excellent academic credentials and strong research, writing, communication, interpersonal, and organizational skills. Although not required, candidates with experience in patent diligence and technology transfer are desirable. Candidates must be registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Prior examiner experience and Pennsylvania Bar membership is preferred.

Practice Description:
With more than 150 intellectual property professionals and technical specialists, unlike smaller boutique firms, Morgan Lewis brings to bear the considerable resources of one of the largest law firms in the United States, representing and advising clients on all aspects of intellectual property. Clients include both U.S. and non-U.S. enterprises, ranging from small startups to Fortune 500 companies. We provide strategic advice and representation throughout the complete lifecycle of our clients' products and services, from research and development, financing, marketing, and licensing to the enforcement of relevant rights.

Contact:
Please submit your resume, law school transcripts, and writing sample using the online application system link. PLEASE COPY POSITION CODE PHBTC62612 AND PLACE IN THE POSITION CODE FIELD AT THE BOTTOM OF THE ONLINE APPLICATION. THE APPLICATION WILL NOT PROCESS WITHOUT THIS CODE.

Please note: At this time, Morgan Lewis is not accepting applications submitted by search firms. All candidates should submit their applications online to be considered for this position.

Qualified candidates only. All inquiries will be kept confidential.

Equal Employment Opportunity Employer - M/F/D/V.

Application Link: https://lawcruit.micronapps.com/sup/v2/lc_supp_app_frm.aspx?lawfirm=106&id=0

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Law Firm
Job Location: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Senior or Principal Patent Attorney – Large Corporation – Boston, Mass. or Wilmington, Del. (Updated)

January 24, 2013- US - MidAtlantic and South, - US - Northeast, Emp - Corporate (in-house), Tech - Any / Other, Tech - Biotech, Work - Licensing / Other Corporate, Work - Patent Litigation, Work - Patent Prosecution

AstraZeneca is seeking a Senior or Principal Patent Attorney.

As a Senior or Principal Patent Attorney at AstraZeneca, you’ll manage a broad IP portfolio across every phase of research and clinical development and advise stakeholders at the highest levels of our business. There are two vacancies which can be based in either Wilmington or Boston, USA – one for an attorney with experience of pharmaceuticals and another experienced in pharmaceutical device IP. In either role, you’ll be able to take advantage of the very best opportunities AstraZeneca has to offer as you enable the development of medicines that will improve the lives of people worldwide.

As a Senior or Principal Patent Attorney your main responsibilities will involve:
• Managing a broad patent portfolio
• Developing IP strategies
• Handling substantive, transactional and defensive issues
• Educating and advising a wide range of stakeholders
• Influencing R&D management and business development

As a Senior or Principal Patent Attorney your skills and qualifications will ideally include:
• A track record of successful pharmaceutical or pharmaceutical device patent work
• An EPA or CPA qualification and extensive post-qualification experience
• Patent Attorney with extensive experience
• Experience of managing external providers
• Strong scientific knowledge
• Outstanding leadership skills

What we will be looking for in you:
We’ll be looking for candidates with excellent communication skills at all levels and strong business acumen. A high level of organization is essential, as is a solid, client-facing approach and a willingness to take on increasing responsibility.

Contact:
To apply please visit: http://gs.globalsuccessor.com/fe/tpl_astrazenecav2.asp?newms=jj&id=59266&----JOB-PREVIEW-MODE---- (updated). AstraZeneca is an equal opportunity employer.

Additional Info:
Employer Type: Large Corporation
Job Location: Wilmington, Delaware

AstraZeneca – Health Connects Us All

As one of the world's leading pharmaceutical companies, our business is focused on providing innovative, effective medicines that make a real difference in important areas of healthcare. At AstraZeneca, innovation is about more than just research. We aim to stimulate continued creativity throughout our organization by maintaining a culture in which our people feel valued, energized and rewarded for their ideas and contribution to our success - ideas which can make a difference in all aspects of our business. And we support and encourage our people in discovering their own potential, through excellent learning and development opportunities that are available to them throughout their careers.